how did scott joplin get syphilis

Syphilis is a venereal disease that was widespread and incurable in Joplin's time, but became curable with the introduction of penicillin. https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/joplin-scott. A post shared by Fotogramas (@fotogramas_es). With the laboratory discovery of the bacterium that causes syphilis, more advancement followed. [12][13], By 1880, the Joplins moved to Texarkana, Arkansas, where Giles worked as a railroad laborer and Florence as a cleaner. His father, Giles, was a former slave, and his mother, Florence, was a freed woman from Kentucky. Do you know any other celebrities with syphilis or gonorrhea? He was the second of six children. There he taught future ragtime composers Arthur Marshall, Scott Hayden and Brun Campbell. There's another piece of his that you probably know as well That's Scott Joplin's Maple Leaf Rag, arguably his most famous composition. She died on December 12, 1968, in New York City. Out of Isak Dinesen in Africa. The first stage occurs about one to three weeks after someone may be exposed to and infected with syphilis. He died from tertiary syphilis on April 1, 1917. Rudi Blesh and Harriet Janis, They All Played Ragtime: The True Story of an American Music (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1958; 2d ed., New York: Oak Publications, 1966). Aleister contracted gonorrhea as a teenager. This was the largest psychiatric hospital in the world at the time. Scott Joplin died in a mental hospital on April 1, 1917, aged about fifty. By 1903, the Joplins had moved to a 13-room house, renting some of the rooms to lodgers, who included pianist-composers Arthur Marshall and Scott Hayden. Music historian Ian Whitcomb mentions that Joplin "opined that 'Maple Leaf Rag' would make him 'King of Ragtime Composers' but he also knew that he would not be a pop hero in his own lifetime. What is A person who sells flower is called? After his death, ragtime fell out of favor. [16] Weiss, as described by San Diego Jewish World writer Eric George Tauber, "was no stranger to [receiving] race hatredAs a Jew in Germany, he was often slapped and called a 'Christ-killer. So instead he destroyed it. He moves to New York in 1907, and published the opera in 1911, personally filing the copyright in Washington D.C. Ed Berlin: Hoping to find a publisher for his music and hoping to get the opera performed. Treemonisha tells the people in her community who are former slaves not to believe the superstitions of the people who are abusing them. Emi Ferguson: It may have sounded something like this 2019 performance, recorded in WQXRs Greene Space. 1867April 1, 1917) remains the best-known ragtime musician and composer, setting the standard for the many who followed. Donelson, Linda (1998). Treemonisha is abducted and is about to be thrown into a wasps' nest when her friend Remus rescues her. You can think you are perfectly normal for up to the next 10 to 30 years. For one, he knew he had syphilis and he talked about it. Special thanks to the Greene Space, Naxos of America, New World Records for their recordings of Joplins works, and the New York City Municipal Archives, New York Public Radio archives, and Nsikan Akpan. Scott Joplin Didn't Die of Opera Failure Listen 15 min i Sep 29, 2022 Summary Transcript This episode contains discussions of syphilis. He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame by the National Academy of Popular Music in 1970. He moves to New York in 1907, and published the opera in 1911, personally filing the copyright in Washington D.C. His diary records regular sexual encounters with many different prostitutes and the ensuing bouts of venereal infections. Poorly staged and with only Joplin on piano accompaniment, it was "a miserable failure" to a public not ready for "crude" Black musical formsso different from the European grand opera of that time. He was projecting a ragtime symphony when he entered the Manhattan State Hospital, where he died on April 1, 1917. What happened to the oprea- a guest of honor? Two famous people who died of Syphilis are Scott Joplin and Al Capone. Cause of death disputed, but syphilis or mercury poisoning from syphilis treatment are leading theories. Every penny counts! He had syphilis of the brain and spinal cord, which rendered him paralyzed and insane. I'm John Schaefer, and today is the final episode of flute player Emi Ferguson's miniseries, This Composer is Sick, exploring the impact of syphilis on the lives of classical composers. [31] Joplin's visit to Temple, Texas, enabled him to have three pieces published there in 1896, including the "Great Crush Collision March", which commemorated a planned train crash on the MissouriKansasTexas Railroad on September 15 that he may have witnessed. , on Ward's Island, in New York City in February of 1917. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. In June 1904, Joplin married Freddie Alexander of Little Rock, Arkansas, the young woman to whom he had dedicated "The Chrysanthemum". Joplins music comes back into popularity, and its stayed popular ever since. Well, he died in 1917 and early-1940s, that's when that's when some jazz musicians began playing Scott Joplin's music. His first published rag "Original Rags" had been completed in 1897, the same year that the first ragtime work appeared in print, the "Mississippi Rag" by William Krell. [76], Joplin's skills as a pianist were described in glowing terms by a Sedalia newspaper in 1898, and fellow ragtime composers Arthur Marshall and Joe Jordan both said that he played the instrument well. The Entertainer, which you definitely know if you've ever heard an ice-cream truck driving by. EMI: With safe sex practices and education, and accessible testing and treatment, we have the tools we need to fight syphilis, we just have to use them. "Maple Leaf Rag" was the Joplin piece found most often on 78 rpm records. Berlin, Edward A. READ MORE: Famous People With Muscular Dystrophy. Biographer Berlin speculated that by 1903 Joplin was already showing early signs of syphilis, which negatively affected his coordination and "pianistic skills". He had at least six wives, many concubines (mistresses) and his affair with Bathsheba was made fully public. Emi Ferguson: That's Dr. Sheila Lukehart, our resident syphilis expert. During his time in St. Louis, Joplin collaborated with Scott Hayden in the composition of four rags. You can also suffer from damage to any part of your body: your heart, brain, liver, kidneys and so forth. However,Adolf was in a constant battle with numerous illnesses; and one of those was syphilis. [99] In 1979, Alan Rich wrote in the magazine New York that by giving artists like Rifkin the opportunity to put Joplin's music on disc, Nonesuch Records "created, almost alone, the Scott Joplin revival."[100]. In 1916, suffering from tertiary syphilis and by consequence rapidly deteriorating health, Joplin descended into dementia. In the US, there are about 820,000 new gonorrhea infections every year. He was an experienced composer, but he was not an experienced dramatist. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. Emi Ferguson: Even if you don't know anything about Scott Joplin, you have almost certainly heard one or two pieces by him. The plot centers on an 18-year-old woman Treemonisha who is taught to read by a white woman and then leads her community against the influence of conjurers who prey on ignorance and superstition. It is a simple, routine blood test. [109] Finally, on January 28, 1972, T.J. Anderson's orchestration of Treemonisha was staged for two consecutive nights, sponsored by the Afro-American Music Workshop of Morehouse College in Atlanta, with singers accompanied by the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra[110] under the direction of Robert Shaw, and choreography by Katherine Dunham. He was an experienced composer, but he was not an experienced dramatist. Emi Ferguson: There was supposed to be a performance in Illinois, with Joplin himself singing the role of Booker T. Washington, but unfortunately for Joplin, the manager of the company performing it ran off with the money and the performance was canceled. Please let us know in the comments below. He had no money and was forced to be hospitalized in a mental institution, where he died a few months later, on April 1, 1917. I mean, even his best friend at that time, who helped him write the orchestration, said, there's good music there, but it's not a good story. In 1909, estimated sales would have given him an income of $600 annually (approximately $16,968in current prices).[38]. A post shared by Nick Beyelia (@nicholasbeyelia). He was a Russian communist politician, revolutionary, and political theorist. His second opera, Treemonisha, was never fully staged during his life. Later sales were steady and would have given Joplin an income that would have covered his expenses. All seven were made in 1916. While tutoring Joplin from the ages of 11 to 16, Weiss introduced him to folk and classical music, including opera. Probably around 1911 he put on a private performance in, in a small theater in Harlem. He was playing it at the piano and there were singers. [64][65][66], Joplin wrote both the score and the libretto for the opera, which largely follows the form of European opera with many conventional arias, ensembles and choruses. After further periods of residence in Sedalia, Chicago, and St. Louis, with a possible visit home to Texarkana, he followed publisher Stark to New York in 1907, using the city as a base for his East Coast touring, until he settled down there permanently in 1911, to devote his serious energies to the production of Treemonisha, mounted unsuccessfully early in 1915. He is actually the great-grandfather of actress Drew Barrymore. Losing control of his hands There are instances in Joplin's last days that point to symptoms of neurosyphilis. Previous answer (dah): he ate to many beans and exploded. In 1894, Joplin arrived in Sedalia, Missouri. We know too little about Scott Joplin probably because of race. Sheila Lukehart: and the development of the first really effective treatment for syphilis that all happened within 10 years in the early 1900s. For example, it shows a definite influence of blues, and, uh, it shows the influence of Yiddish theater. The unprecedented standard of excellence that he set and maintained earned ragtime world-wide renown. A post shared by David Geister (@davegeister). [96] The Billboard Best-Selling Classical LPs chart for September 28, 1974, has the record at number 5, with the follow-up "Volume 2" at number 4, and a combined set of both volumes at number 3. induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame by the National Academy of Popular Music in 1970, 53 years after he died. Biographer Susan Curtis speculates that Florence's support of her son's musical education was a critical factor behind her separation from Giles, who wanted the boy to pursue practical employment that would supplement the family income. He also taught guitar and mandolin. [15], When Joplin was learning the piano, serious musical circles condemned ragtime because of its association with the vulgar and inane songs "cranked out by the tune-smiths of Tin Pan Alley. All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. CLIP: Let us measure the spread of syphilis. "[70] Later critics have also praised the opera as occupying a special place in American history, with its heroine "a startlingly early voice for modern civil rights causes, notably the importance of education and knowledge to African American advancement. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This would have been five years before he would have even, his first rags, so its possible that most or all of his composition career overlapped with his having syphilis. Jim Carrey is famous for hisflexible facial expressions and rubbery body movements. In 1939, Tallulah was in the play The Little Foxes. After years of work, Scott Joplin spent much of his last years trying to get Treemoinisha performed. Revival of Scott Joplins Work By the 1920s, if not earlier, Joplins work fell into obscurity. His gang robbed four police stations and two dozen banks. Mr. Weiss took a special interest in Joplin and taught him music at no charge from age 11 to 16, and even bought the Joplins a used piano. Both men turned down the request because of previous commitments. By about 1915, Scott Joplin began suffering badly from syphilis. The disease robbed him of his ability to play piano. It also destroyed his ability to write music. He died in New York City in 1917. Scott Joplin left the world sixty musical works. These include many piano rags that are still played today. While we know that Joplin died of syphilis, figuring out the timeline for its progression is much harder. Emi Ferguson: Unlike our previous composer case studies, Franz Schubert, and Bedrich Smetana, we know that Scott Joplin DEFINITELY had syphilis. Web1868. [37] The exact circumstances that led to the publication of the "Maple Leaf Rag" are unknown and a number of versions of the event contradict each other. [33] Joplin enrolled at the George R. Smith College, where he apparently studied "advanced harmony and composition." So instead he destroyed it. In other instances, retrospective diagnoses of suspected cases have been made in modern times. In 1976, Joplin was posthumously awarded a Pulitzer Prize. It also destroyed his ability to write music. [109], 1974 saw the Birmingham Royal Ballet under director Kenneth MacMillan create Elite Syncopations, a ballet based on tunes by Joplin and other composers of the era. Web52. and the development of the first really effective treatment for syphilis that all happened within 10 years in the early 1900s. Indeed each of the Rodgers family learned a musical instrument, and young Rollin Rodgers became a lifelong opera enthusiast (the same subject that haunted Joplin in his later years) due to Weiss's encouragement. This wasn't the only bad luck that would happen to Joplin with his operas. WebScott Joplin (November 24, 1868 April 1, 1917) was an American composer and pianist. In 1973, film producer George Roy Hill contacted Schuller and Rifkin separately, asking both men to write the score for a film project he was working on: The Sting. Booker T Washington would've been the guest of honor. "[91], The home Joplin rented in St. Louis from 1900 to 1903 was recognized as a National Historic Landmark in 1976 and was saved from destruction by the local African American community. [61] Joplin apparently realized that his music was ahead of its time. The "Maple Leaf Rag" was likely to have been known in Sedalia before its publication in 1899; Brun Campbell claimed to have seen the manuscript of the work in around 1898. Sheila Lukehart: There was like a decade between the identification of the organism, the, um, first development of the first serological test, Emi Ferguson: thats a blood test, the same quick and easy test we use today to identify syphilis. Emi Ferguson: The Texas Medley Quartet toured the midwest, and there are also newspaper records of performances by them in Syracuse and Boston. However, Treemonisha tells them to let the abusers go so the former slaves will not be evil like their oppressors. The quartet got great reviews. Music was really important to the Joplin family they encouraged a young Scott and his siblings. What age did scott joplin start playing piano? Ed Berlin: His widow, Lottie Joplin said that toward the end, he became very difficult and paranoid. [88], Joplin and his fellow ragtime composers rejuvenated American popular music, fostering an appreciation for African-American music among European-Americans by creating exhilarating and liberating dance tunes. WebScott Joplin (ca. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your Health Remedy is a website for those who aspire to improve themselves and their life, as well as contribute to making the world a better place to live. While he used similar harmonic and melodic patterns,[62] the later compositions were not simple copies but were distinctly new works, which used dissonance, chromatic sections and the blues third. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. New York Public Radio transcripts are created on a rush deadline, often by contractors. Joplin was born near Linden, Texas to Florence Givins and Giles (sometimes listed as 'Jiles') Joplin. Joplin could not meet the company's payroll or pay for its lodgings at a theatrical boarding house. [3] Joplin considered ragtime to be a form of classical music and largely disdained the practice of ragtime such as that in honky tonk. A newer heritage project has expanded coverage to include the more complex social history of Black urban migration and the transformation of a multi-ethnic neighborhood to the contemporary community. "Montez, Lola (18211861)". Emi Ferguson: In the 1970s as both a result of a ragtime revival and the movie The Sting starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford, Joplins music comes back into popularity, and its stayed popular ever since. That's Dr. Sheila Lukehart, our resident syphilis expert. After several unsuccessful approaches to publishers, Joplin signed a contract on August 10, 1899, with John Stillwell Stark, a retailer of musical instruments who later became his most important publisher. In 1899 he published his first ragtime pieces, the "Original Rags." [26], In the 1960s, a small-scale reawakening of interest in classical ragtime was underway among some American music scholars, such as Trebor Tichenor, William Bolcom, William Albright and Rudi Blesh. 5. Ragtime music had become a national craze after the World's Fair and Joplin toured with his own band. After suffering deteriorating health due to syphilis, Joplin He also escaped from jail twice. [15], According to a family friend, the young Joplin was serious and ambitious studying music and playing the piano after school. American composer, music teacher, and pianist (18681917), 1906 recording of the "Maple Leaf Rag" by the, April 1916 piano roll recording of Scott Joplin thought lost until discovered by a collector in New Zealand in 2006, June 1916 piano roll recording of Scott Joplin for. [104] Hamlisch lightly adapted Joplin's music for The Sting, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and Adaptation on April 2, 1974. The authoritative record of New York Public Radios programming is the audio record. ISBN 0-19-510108-1. He was forgotten, and Ragtime was no longer popular. got its first full-fledged production in 1972, and has been revived multiple times since then. Separately, both volumes had been on the chart for 64 weeks. Rifkin was also under consideration for a third Grammy for a recording not related to Joplin, but at the ceremony on March 14, 1972, Rifkin did not win in any category. Although the World's Fair minimized the involvement of African-Americans, Black performers still came to the saloons, cafs and brothels that lined the fair. The roll, however, may not reflect his abilities earlier in life. According to new evidence that has been uncovered recently, Lenin actually succumbed to syphilis. After his move to New York, Joplin met Lottie Stokes, whom he married in 1909. If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. Theodore Albrecht, "Julius Weiss: Scott Joplin's First Piano Teacher," College Music Symposium 19 (Fall 1979). https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/joplin-scott. Even if you don't know anything about Scott Joplin, you have almost certainly heard one or two pieces by him. Now that last part is really incorrect because syphilis was the main cause, not just a contributing cause. Scott Joplin contracted syphilis which resulted in his death.no [63], The opera's setting is a former slave community in an isolated forest near Joplin's childhood town Texarkana in September 1884. The biographical film Scott Joplin was released by Universal Pictures in 1977, and in 1983 the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp of Joplin as part of its Black Heritage series. Tim McCarver: Heart Failure in a Great Athlete, Gina Lollobrigida: In Seniors, a Broken Hip is Often Fatal, Anti-Inflammatory and Pro-Inflammatory Foods. In 1976 Joplin was posthumously awarded a Pulitzer Prize for Treemonisha, the first grand opera by an African American. Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa was a French printmaker,painter, caricaturist,draughtsman, and illustrator whose immersion in the theatrical and colorful life of Paris in the late 19th century allowed him to produce a collection of enticing images of the affairs of those times. A few weeks later, a non-itchy rash usually develops on the trunk that can spread to cover the entire body. Donizetti. He performed in the Queen City Cornet Band and his own six-piece dance orchestra. He is probably the most notorious occultist of all time. The problem is that once a part of your body is destroyed by syphilis, it can never be brought back even with treatment. There was supposed to be a performance in Illinois, with Joplin himself singing the role of Booker T. Washington, but unfortunately for Joplin, the manager of the company performing it ran off with the money and the performance was canceled. He was admitted to Manhattan State Hospital in January 1917, and died there three months later at the age of Additional production assistance by Jade Jiang and Hanako Yamaguchi. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec frequently lived and painted in brothels, where he made friends with prostitutes as he painted and drew them at play and work. She is said to have been the inspiration for Joplin's second opera. [3][35][36], Although there were hundreds of rags in print by the time the "Maple Leaf Rag" was published, Scott was not far behind. Namely, Scott Joplin. He concludes that few American artists of his generation faced such obstacles: "Treemonisha went unnoticed and unreviewed, largely because Joplin had abandoned commercial music in favor of art music, a field closed to African Americans. Maupassant died at age 43 of syphilis he had acquired 16 years previously. We don't know Joplin's exact birthday, but we know he was likely born in the latter half of 1867, two years after the end of the Civil War. And while we have effective treatments for syphilis today, theres no easy treatment for the taboo around it. Emi Ferguson: That wraps up This Composer is SICK, and our investigation into how syphilis impacted the lives of Franz Schubert, Bedrich Smetana, and Scott Joplin. Emi Ferguson: All the while he never gave up on his opera Treemonisha. several of his compositions used in the score of the Academy Award-winning film, the United States Postal Service stamp of him issued as part of its Black Heritage commemorative series, in 1983, a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame, in 1989. Ed Berlin: we don't know exactly when he contracted the disease, the primary infection could have been as early as 1894. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [33] Joplin wrote his rags as "classical" music in miniature form in order to raise ragtime above its "cheap bordello" origins and produced work that opera historian Elise Kirk described as "more tuneful, contrapuntal, infectious, and harmonically colorful than any others of his era. Cash box was stolen; all [67], Treemonisha is not a ragtime operabecause Joplin employed the styles of ragtime and other Black music sparingly, using them to convey "racial character" and to celebrate the music of his childhood at the end of the 19th century. John Schaefer: This episode was produced by Emi Ferguson, Max Fine, and Laura Boyman. The disease robbed him of his ability to play piano. People said he died because of the failure of this opera. One of his first and most popular pieces, the "Maple Leaf Rag", became the genre's first and most influential hit, later being recognized as the quintessential rag. ", "Vanderbilt Television News Archive summary", "Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAtL7n_-rc, "The Ragtime Revival A Belated Ode to Composer Scott Joplin", "Charis Music Group, compilation of cue sheets from the American Top 40 radio Show", "2002 National Recording Registry from the National Recording Preservation Board of the Library of Congress", "Scott Joplin: Brief Biographical Sketch", "Rags & Pieces by Scott Joplin, 18951905", "Inductees to the St. Louis Walk of Fame", Texas State Historical Association Biography of Scott Joplin, The Scott Joplin International Ragtime Foundation, Biography of Scott Joplin at Encyclopaedia Britannica, The Scott Joplin House St. Louis, Missouri, Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, International Music Score Library Project, Easy Winners & Other Rag-Time Music of Scott Joplin, Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Joplin&oldid=1140898980, African-American male classical composers, Infectious disease deaths in New York (state), CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es), Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Articles with International Music Score Library Project links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 2002: a collection of Joplin's own performances recorded on piano rolls in the 1900s (decade) was included by the, This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 09:14. A lot of people were upset by that, but that's show biz! Scott Joplin (c. 1867/68 or November 24, 1868 April 1, 1917) was an American composer and pianist. Joplin achieved fame for his ragtime compositions and was dubbed the King of Ragtime. As honest in perspective, it was possibly by one of the women that modeled for him and were known, alcoholics. All the information I can get is that it was not received well at all. Who makes the plaid blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea Change? There was speculation that he had gonorrhea. Every dollar helps. [61] Joplin used the Maple Leaf Rag as inspiration for subsequent works, such as The Cascades in 1903, Leola in 1905, Gladiolus Rag in 1907, and Sugar Cane Rag in 1908. He is known for works like Irises and Starry Night and is considered the greatest Dutch painter after Rembrandt. The irony of this libretto is that the only reason, Syphilis is a venereal disease that was widespread and incurable in Joplin's time, but became curable with the introduction of penicillin. Tallulah Brockman Bankhead, born on January 31, 1902, in Huntsville, Alabama, was an award-winning actress. [42] It was in St. Louis that Joplin produced some of his best-known works, including "The Entertainer", "March Majestic", and the short theatrical work "The Ragtime Dance". John Herbert Dillinger. Ed Berlin: Every few months there were notices in the New York Age, which was a black newspaper, of planned performances of Treemonisha and these never materialized. To wrap things up, she looks at a composer who spent his last years in New York City, and is buried in Queens. He said that his music will be appreciated after he's dead for 25 years. We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. However, some who heard him perform in St. Louis felt his piano playing was uncoordinated. That's called a chancre. Although specific information is sparse, numerous sources have credited the Chicago World's Fair with spreading the popularity of ragtime. railroad trains near Wacothe "Crash at Crush." James Haskins and Kathleen Benson, Scott Joplin (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1978). "[45], During this time, Joplin created an opera company of 30 people and produced his first opera A Guest of Honor for a national tour. This appearance was directed by Gunther Schuller, and soprano Carmen Balthrop alternated with Kathleen Battle as the title character. [74] In October 2013, Nicols Isasi directed the premiere of Treemonisha in Argentina with a team of 60 young artists at the Teatro Empire[es] in Buenos Aires. His father, a laborer and former slave who possessed rudimentary musical ability, moved the family to Texarkana by about 1875. Although the most effective treatment for syphilis, penicillin, wouldnt come into widespread use until after WWII, scientists. [80] Berlin theorizes that by the time Joplin reached St. Louis, he may have experienced discoordination of the fingers, tremors, and an inability to speak clearlyall symptoms of the syphilis that killed him in 1917. According to Joplin's widow Lottie, Joplin never forgot Weiss. Unlike our previous composer case studies, Franz Schubert, and Bedrich Smetana, we know that Scott Joplin DEFINITELY had syphilis. However, in 1933, she was rushed to the hospital with abdominal pain, where she was diagnosed with gonorrhea and underwent an emergency hysterectomy. [11] There is disagreement over his exact place of birth in Texas, with Blesh identifying Texarkana,[10] and Berlin showing the earliest record of Joplin being the June 1870 census which locates him in Linden, as a two-year-old.

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